Uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth is called as cancer. Group or lump of cancerous cells is called as malignant tumor. Cancer can occur in various organs like lungs,mouth,tongue,stomach,breast,uterus,skin,and tissues like blood. Cancer is non-infectious diseases, which diseases arise in human body itself due to certain reasons.

Reasons:-

• Consumption of tobacco,gutkha,smoking
• alcoholism.
• Lack of fiber content (fruits and leafy vegetable) in food.
• Excessive consumption of junk food (pizza,burger etc).

Symptoms:-

• Chronic cough,hoarse voice,difficulty in swallowing.
• Incurable scar and inflammation.
• Lumps in breast.
• Unexplained weight-loss.

Modern diagnostics and treatment of cancer:- various techniques like CT scan,MRI scan, mammography,biopsy are used in diagnosis of cancer. In case of treatment, along with conventional methods like chemotherapy,radiation,therapy and surgery,modern techniques like robotic and laparoscopic surgery are also followed.

Always remember:-controlled diet help to prevent some types of cancers. Physical exercise along with modern treatment is more beneficial to cure the cancer. Avoid addiction like tobacco chewing,smoking,etc.

My grandmother used to says that when we measure our height by standing vertically and by sleeping horizontally it’s changes ….it this true??? . When I did this practically …it happend.. Is this a magic .??? Not actually !!!!

It’s just a mistake done by me…. While observing and calculating.

Similarly,. Physics is a science based on observation and experiments. Obervation of physical quantities are made during an experiment. While observing and calculating…..,.( physical quantities ). For example during the atmosphere study we measure atmosphere pressure, wind velocity, humanity,ect. … All the measurement may be accurate, meaning that the measured values are the same as the true values. Accuracy is how close a measurements is to the actual value of that quantity. These measurements may be precise, meaning that multiple measurements give nearly identical values(ie.., reproducible result) . In actual measurements, an observation should may be both precise or neither accurate nor precise. The goal of the observer should be to get accurate as well as precise measurements.

Faulty measurements of physical quantity can lead to errors. The errors are broadly divided into the following two categories.

• Systematic errors:- systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by an inaccuracy. Systematic errors such as Instrumental error,Error due to imperfection in experimental technique, personal error.
• Random error:- These are the error which are introduced even after following all the procedures to minimize systematic error.These type of error may be positive or negative . These error can not be eliminated completely but we can minimize them by repeated observations and then taking their mean(average).

To find error following steps are followed

• Arithmetic mean (of observed reading)
• Absolute error
• Mean absolute error
• Relative error
• Percentage error

Absolute error :- The magnitude of the difference between mean value and each individual value is called absolute error.

Mean absolute error:- The arithmetic mean of all the absolute error mean absolute error

Relative error:- The ratio of mean absolute error to the arithmetic mean value is called relative error

Percentage error:- when relative error is represented as percentage it is called percentage error.

Efficiency of the heart decrease due to decrease blood supply and there by oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart muscles . Due to this , heart has to perform more work that leads to stress on it .this may cause heart attack .If someone has heart attack , immediate consultation of doctor and treatment is necessary.

29th September is celebrated as world heart day

Reasons of heart attack:-

• Smoking
• Alcoholism
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Lack of physical exercise
• Heredity
• Mental stress
• Anger
• Anxiety

Treatments of heart disease:-

• Angioplasty
• By-pass surgery
• Open heart surgery
• Heart transplant
• Installation of stents
• Installation of pace maker

First aid for heart disease:- . first, call 108 for ambulance. Check the consciousness of patient by shaking the shoulders . Keep the patient by shaking the shoulders. Keep the patient lying on the back in horizontal position on hard surface and perform compression only life support (C.O.L.S.)In this, press the centre of thorax for at least 30 times at the rate of 100 to 120 strokes per minute.

*in case of a healthy person, there are 72 beats of heart per minute. Rate of heart beat increase due to physical exercise and emotions. Similarly, it has been observed that it decrease during rest and sleep . Number of beats is more in case of infants.*. * Two types of sounds are heard during heart beat. One is described as ‘lubb’ and other as ‘dub’. Heart pumps about 75ml of blood during each beat.*

The hormone -insulin produce in pancreas controls the level of sugar-glucose in blood.If insulin is secreted in low quantity,glucose level cannot be controlled; this disorder is called as diabetes.

* India has largest number of diabetes patients in the world.

Reasons for diabetes:-

• Heredity
• Obesity
• Lack of physical exercise
• Mental stress

Symptoms which cannot be ignored:-.

• Frequently urination at night.
• Increase obesity
• Weight loss

Preventive measure: following the proper diet, medicines and exercise under the supervision of doctor help to keep the diabetes under control.

There are a number of different types of diabetes, some of which are more prevalent than others. The most common form of diabetes in the general population is type 2 diabetes, which often develops from pre-diabetes.

Units:- the standard measure of any quantity is called as units of that quantity.

Various system of units namely:-

• CGS:- Centimetre gram second system.
• MKS:- Metre kilogram second system.
• FPS:- Foot pound second system.
• SI:-System international.

Some of conventions for the use of SI units:-.

As System International (SI) units use decimal system ,conversion within the system is very simple and convenient. So, generally SI system is use mostly.

• Unit of every physical quantity should be. Represented by its symbol.
• Full name of a unit always start with small letter even if the name of unit is given after person ,such as 1 newton, 1 Joule ect.
• Symbol of unit named after person should be written in capital,e.g. 1N, 1 J
• Symbols of units do not written in plural form, for e.g force of 30 N, not as 30 Ns
• Symbols of units do not contain any full stop at end of recommended letter, for e.g 30 kg not as 30 kg..
• The unit of physical quantity I. Numerator and denominator should be written in one ratio such as m/s² not as m/s/s.
• Space or hypen must be introduced while indicating multiplication of two units.
• Use of combination of units and symbols for unit is avoided when physical quantity is expressed by combination of two.e.g.J/kg K is correct while Joule/kg K is not.

Fundamental quantity:-The quantities which do not depends on any other physical quantities for their measurements are known as fundamental quantities. There are seven fundamental quantities. They are as follow.

Length:- . Length is a fundamental quantity which is use to measure the length (size) of different objects. Length is define as the measurement of physical quantity of distance. Length is scalar quantity. The SI unit of length is metre. Every experiment in Physics requires the use of length to get desired results. If length of quantities very small or very big then fractional units are used. Some of are given below.

MASS:-Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.( Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an object ). Mass is a scalar quantity.  SI unit of mass is kilogram. The amount of matter remains same,thus mass is constant everywhere (space).

TIME:- time is a fundamental quantity which show in what time work is done. SI unit of time is second. Mathematically, time is a vector (it can go forwards and backwards). Mathematically, time is a scalar. Scalars can go forwards and backwards. Since a 1D vector is equivalent to a scalar, one could also say that time is a vector.

.TEMPERATURE:- Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of an object . Temperature is the quantity measured by a thermometer.Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a system. Absolute zero is the temperatureat which there is no molecular motion. There are three common scales to measure temperature namely degree Celsius( °C.), degree Fahrenheit ( °F) ,Kelvin(K)  . Kelvin(K) is the SI unit of temperature. Temperature is most definitely scalar quantity.

ELECTRIC CURRENT:- Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of negative charges of the conductor. In other words, the continuous flow of electrons in an electric circuit is called an electric current. SI unit of electric current is ampere(A). current is a vector because it have a magnitude and a direction. But the thing is, avector always obey the law of addition of vectors. Since current doesn’t obey it and it follows algebraic addition, current is a scalar

LUMINOUS INTENSITY :-luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosityfunction, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. . SI unit of luminous intensity is candela (cd). Luminous intensity is defined as the amount of energy emitted by a light source in a particular direction. Since the direction does not matter, it’s a scalar.

AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE:-Amount of substance (also called chemical amount) is a quantity defined by standards to measures the size a group of individual elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules and electrons, along with other particles. . The SI unit of Amount of su stance is mole(mol)

Derived quantity:-The quantities which depends on some or all the fundamental quantities for their measurements are known as derived quantities. Eg. Unit of velocity ,unit of momentum ect.

Supplementary units:- Besides,the seven fundamental units, their are two supplementary units. 1.plane angle. 2.solid angle .

Plane angle:- The ratio of the length of an arc of a circle to the radius of the circle is the plane angle of that circle. d theta =ds/r is the angle subtended by the arc at the centre of the circle. It is measure in radiant (rad).An angle theta in radian is denoted by  0^c

Solid angle:- solid angle is ratio of the area of portion of surface of sphere to the square of radius of the sphere. This is apply for 3-dimensional object. dΩ = (dS/r²) is the solid angle subtended by area dA at O as shown in fig.2.1. It is measured in steradians.(sr). A sphere of radius (r) has surface area 4π r². the solid angle subtended by whole sphere is 4π r²/ r².=4π sr

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